Airborne Benzene Concentrations Increase Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA) Levels and Liver Function in Workers in The Manufacturing Industry
Abstract
The use of benzene as a solvent in the manufacturing industry can be dangerous because it is volatile, toxic, and carcinogenic. Exposure to benzene occurs through inhalation of the chemical in the air, which can enter the human body through the respiratory system. The levels of trans, trans-Muconic Acid (tt-MA), which is used to metabolize benzene, can be affected by the amount of exposure to the chemical. This study aims to determine the differences in exposure to benzene in the air by measuring the tt-MA indicators and liver function of workers in the manufacturing industry. This research uses an observational and cross-sectional approach, with a population of 158 employees from both administration and production units. The sample size for the study is 16 respondents, selected using the consecutive sampling technique. The research instrument uses a questionnaire and examines urine samples using the in-house method. Blood samples are examined using IFCC 37 C. The data is processed using the independent-sample t-test and Pearson correlation. The results show that the level of benzene in the air is below the threshold of 0.5 ppm. However, there is a significant difference in the results of tt-MA and SGOT (p<0.05), while the levels of SGPT (p>0.05) show no significant differences. In conclusion, there are differences in the tt-MA and SGOT exposure levels between workers in the production and toxicity units, while SGPT does not show significant differences. It is recommended that the industry maximizes the use of local exhaust ventilation and prohibits smoking.
References
2. Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace : guidelines [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41856
3. Benzene | NIOSH | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/benzene/
4. PERATURAN MENTERI TENAGA KERJA DAN TRANSMIGRASI. [cited 2022 Nov 13]; Available from: www.hukumonline.com
5. Martínez-Velázquez M, Maldonado V, Ortega A, Meléndez-Zajgla J, Albores A. Benzene metabolites induce apoptosis in lymphocytes. Exp Toxicol Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Aug 15 [cited 2022 Nov 13];58(1):65–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16713212/
6. Kirkeleit J. Benzene exposure and hematological effects among offshore workers exposed to crude oil. 2007;
7. Yatulaini F, Tualeka AR, Jalaludin J, Russeng SS. The Relationship between Duration of Benzene Exposure with Liver Enzymes in Car Painting Workshop Workers. The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health [Internet]. 2021 Nov 26 [cited 2022 Nov 13];10(3):361–70. Available from: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJOSH/article/view/28130
8. Taheri E, Yousefinejad S, Dehghani F. Investigation of some effective factors on urinary metabolites in biological monitoring of benzene, toluene, and xylene compounds. https://doi.org/101080/0306731920222097871 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 9];1–16. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03067319.2022.2097871
9. FakhriNur. HUBUNGAN KADAR TRANS, TRANS-MUCONIC ACID (tt-MA) DALAM URIN DENGAN PROFIL HEMATOLOGIS PADA PEKERJA SPBU COCO PERTAMINA MOR V [Thesis]. [Surabaya]: Universitas Airlangga; 2016.
10. Dugheri S, Pizzella G, Mucci N, Bonari A, Cappelli G, Santillo M, et al. Low-Dose Benzene Exposure Monitoring of Oil Refinery Workers: Inhalation and Biomarkers. Atmosphere 2022, Vol 13, Page 450 [Internet]. 2022 Mar 10 [cited 2022 Aug 9];13(3):450. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/3/450/htm
11. Jalai A, Ramezani Z, Ebrahim K. Urinary Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid is Not a Reliable Biomarker for Low-level Environmental and Occupational Benzene Exposures. Saf Health Work. 2017 Jun 1;8(2):220–5.
12. Wilbur SSKOF. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BENZENE [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2022 Nov 14]. p. 1–438. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp3.pdf
13. Wang GT, Zhang MY, Chen X, Lu ZW, Fan BT, Li KL, et al. Highly selective and sensitive lanthanoids coordination polymers sensors for trans, trans-muconic acid, a biomarker of benzene. Polyhedron. 2020 Oct 1;189:114728.
14. Goldman RAWMS. ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine Principles of Pediatric Environmental Health [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 14]. 1–88 p. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kahar, Nia Yuniarti Hasan, Teguh Budi Prijanto, Ade Kamaludin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
