Window of Health : Jurnal Kesehatan

Bioactive Composition and Antioxidant Characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Flour: Potential Relevance for Functional Food Development

Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia are health challenges, with over one billion people affected by obesity and 589 million adults living with diabetes. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, amino acid profile, proximate composition, and fatty acid (FFA) profile of Calophyllum inophyllum seed flour as a functional food ingredient. Seeds were collected from the Batam Botanical Garden, Indonesia, and processed by freeze-drying. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay (IC₅₀), anthocyanin content was measured spectrophotometrically, and proximate composition, amino acid profile, and FFA composition were analyzed using standardized methods, including GC-FID. All analyses were performed in triplicate (n = 3), and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The flour was predominantly composed of lipids (65.26 ± 0.13%), followed by carbohydrates (21.92 ± 0.10%) and proteins (8.39 ± 0.02%), with low moisture content (2.64 ± 0.03%). The DPPH assay yielded an IC₅₀ value of 13,362.04 ± 1.70 mg/L, indicating limited free radical scavenging activity, while anthocyanins were not detected. The amino acid profile was characterized by high glutamic acid content and the presence of essential amino acids, including leucine, valine, and lysine. The fatty acid profile was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. These findings indicate that Calophyllum inophyllum seed flour contains nutritionally relevant amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, supporting its potential relevance for functional food development. Further studies are required to characterize additional bioactive compounds and evaluate their biological activities in vivo.

Appraisal of the Immunization Management in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia: A Case Study

Sulistyawati Sulistyawati, Asma Karimah — Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In 2022, Complete Basic Immunization (CBI) coverage in Yogyakarta City exceeded the provincial target of 95%; however, one health center reported coverage below the city target of 93%, indicating potential challenges in immunization program management. This study aims to evaluate immunization management in Yogyakarta City by assessing input, process, and output components of program implementation. Method: This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Informants were selected using snowball sampling until data saturation was achieved, resulting in six participants from two health centers representing different levels of immunization coverage. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observations, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. Result: Two major themes emerged from the findings. First, human resource capacity was identified as a key challenge, particularly limited compliance with immunization training requirements and insufficient workforce readiness to support service delivery. Second, weaknesses in monitoring practices were observed, as immunization coverage monitoring was implemented less frequently than required by regulations. Despite these operational barriers, both health centers achieved the city's immunization coverage target in 2023. Conclusion: High immunization coverage in Yogyakarta City reflects strong program performance; however, sustaining and improving coverage requires strengthening workforce competency and ensuring routine monitoring implementation. These findings suggest that maintaining immunization outcomes in urban settings depends not only on coverage achievement but also on continuous health system capacity development and program oversight.

Implementation of Patient Safety Culture at Hospital X, Semarang City

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Patient safety incidents remain a persistent challenge in hospital settings, yet evidence on the cultural factors driving them in type C hospitals in Indonesia remains limited. Hospital X in Semarang City recorded 23 patient safety incidents from January to September 2023 (KTD: 2, KTC: 9, KNC: 12), with label dispensing errors, wrong medication, and wrong dosage as the leading causes. Despite the establishment of a Hospital Patient Safety Team (KPRS), no systematic assessment of patient safety culture had previously been conducted, leaving a critical gap in understanding the organizational factors underlying these incidents. This study aimed to determine factors influencing patient safety culture as perceived by nurses at Hospital X. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, with 82 inpatient nurses selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated AHRQ-based questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests. The average positive response to patient safety culture was 81.5%. The highest-scoring dimensions were cooperation within the unit (90.2%), open communication (84.1%), and staffing (84.1%), while cooperation between units (74.4%) and error feedback (76.8%) scored lowest. All 12 dimensions showed significant associations with patient safety culture (p < 0.05). The strongest associations were found in open communication (p = 0.001; OR = 18.9), error feedback (p = 0.001; OR = 27.5), staffing (p = 0.001; OR = 17.1), and patient transition (p = 0.001; OR = 15.2). These findings indicate that inter-unit coordination and structured error feedback are the most critical intervention targets. Hospital management should prioritize implementing a non-punitive incident reporting system, standardized SBAR-based handover protocols, and integrating patient safety competencies into regular clinical supervision to meaningfully reduce preventable incidents.

The Relationship Between Internet Use And Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Muthahharah, Eka Hadrayani, Huriati, Yunita Vebrianti Amanda — Mon, 13 Jul 2026 15:21:36 +0000

The increasing use of the internet among adolescents may influence risky sexual behavior. This study aimed to determine the relationship between internet use and sexual behavior among 11th-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Gowa using a quantitative cross-sectional design. A total of 189 respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using the Chi-square test.

The results showed that 57.7% (109 students) were heavy internet users and 59.3% (112 students) engaged in risky sexual behavior. Among heavy internet users, 71.6% demonstrated risky sexual behavior, compared to 42.5% among light users, indicating a higher likelihood of risky behavior in adolescents with greater internet use. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between internet use and sexual behavior (p < 0.05), demonstrating a meaningful relationship between the variables. In conclusion, heavy internet use is associated with an increased risk of unsafe sexual behavior among adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of adolescent health programs that strengthen parental supervision, improve digital literacy, and promote responsible internet use to prevent risky sexual behavior.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Annual Free Health Screening Programs on Reducing the Risk of Occupational Diseases in Urban Areas of Indonesia

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 02:47:03 +0000

Occupational diseases remain a significant health issue in the industrial sector. According to the ILO, approximately 2.6 million deaths each year are caused by work-related diseases and accidents. Early detection and intervention through worker health screening are strategic steps to reduce the incidence of occupational diseases. However, the factors influencing the success of reducing occupational diseases remain under-researched. This study aims to identify factors associated with occupational diseases among workers using an analytical cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 258 industrial workers in Karawang Regency using a stratified random sampling method, and analyses were conducted using the chi-square test and logistic regression. A lower risk of occupational diseases was observed among respondents who participated in screening (OR=1.964; p=0.015), received quality screening services (OR=3.810; p=0.000), received early detection (OR=12.143; p=0.000), showed positive behavioral changes (OR=4.958; p=0.000), worked in large companies (OR=4.307; p=0.000), had good OSH knowledge (OR=1.892; p=0.014), and did not smoke (OR=4.558; p=0.000). The variables of screening follow-up (p=1.000) and OSH compliance (p=0.691) did not show a significant relationship. Increasing the implementation of occupational health screening could support efforts to prevent occupational diseases. This study provides an empirical basis for occupational health programs by emphasizing the importance of early detection, promoting healthy behavior, and preventing smoking as the main strategies.

Mapping Dengue Vulnerability in West Java, Indonesia, 2019-2023

Minsarnawati Tahangnacca, Muhamad Zidan Yusariza, Sodikin, Hasriwiani Habo Abbas — Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Data shows that half of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the disease, and only 21% adults with hypertension make efforts to control their blood pressure, including awareness of the disease itself, its symptoms, the need for treatment/medication, and the negative effects of the disease. Self-awareness of hypertension is necessary as an effort to control hypertension in order to avoid complications. This study aims to identify the self-awareness of adults with hypertension in the coastal area of Tarakan City. This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was all patients diagnosed with hypertension in Tarakan City. The sample size was 287 respondents, obtained using purposive sampling. Frequency descriptive analysis is used to analyze data. Based on the category of self-awareness of hypertension using BASIS, the majority of respondents had good awareness as shown in each category, namely 218 (76%) respondents in the category of awareness related to the disease, 248 (86.4%) respondents in the category of awareness related to symptom attributes, 270 (94.1%) respondents in the awareness category related to the need for treatment/medication, and 170 (59.2%) respondents in the awareness category related to negative impacts, as well as 250 (87%) in the total average self-awareness of hypertension. Therefore, it can be concluded that adults with hypertension in the coastal area of Tarakan City are aware of their hypertension. It is hoped that efforts to control hypertension under the supervision of doctors and other health workers will be maintained by increasing screening coverage and public awareness of hypertension through promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative efforts

Hypertension Self-Awareness Among Adult Individuals: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Najihah, Ayuk Cucuk Iskandar, Yacoline Pailungan — Fri, 17 Jul 2026 14:44:50 +0000

Comparative Visual Acuity in Indonesian Myopic Students: Spectacles Versus Contact Lenses

Hanna Nurul Husna, Ana Mariam Desyana, Itmam Milataka — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 03:46:32 +0000

Myopia, a leading cause of correctable visual impairment worldwide, is primarily managed with spectacles and contact lenses. In West Java, Indonesia, refractive error affects up to 18.4% of junior high school students, with myopia accounting for 94.4% of cases. Despite the widespread use of both correction modalities, direct comparisons of their visual acuity outcomes in adolescents, particularly in developing countries, remain limited. This study compared best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) achieved with habitual spectacles and soft contact lenses among myopic Indonesian adolescents using an aggregated subject-level analytical approach.

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a public vocational school in Tasikmalaya, West Java. Thirty-four myopic students (33 females, 1 male; aged 16–18 years) who regularly used both spectacles and soft contact lenses were recruited through purposive sampling. Monocular visual acuity was measured with a Snellen chart at six meters under standardized indoor illumination. To avoid inter-eye correlation, monocular Snellen fractions were converted to a linear scale, averaged for each participant, and transformed into logMAR values for subject-level paired analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Half of the participants (50.0%, n=17) demonstrated identical visual acuity with both correction modalities. Among those with discordant outcomes, significantly more participants achieved better visual acuity with soft contact lenses (35.3%, n=12) than with spectacles (8.8%, n=3). Mean logMAR values were significantly better with contact lenses than spectacles (0.10±0.12 vs. 0.15±0.13; p=0.024).

Soft contact lenses provided superior distance visual acuity compared with spectacles in adolescents, showing discordant outcomes. This finding is consistent with optical theory: eliminating the vertex distance reduces retinal image minification and improves focal precision. The small subgroup performing better with spectacles may reflect individual ocular surface characteristics or tear film instability affecting contact lens performance. These findings emphasize the importance of accurate refraction, routine prescription verification, and professional contact lens fitting to optimize visual outcomes in adolescent myopic patients.

Comparative Analysis of Maternal Neutrophils, Age, and Parity in PROM and Prolonged Labor

Fony, Asih Luklu Susiati, Wahyuni Hafid, Hardianti, H.P Alam, Trinarti Senolangi — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 04:34:43 +0000

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and prolonged labor remain significant obstetric problems associated with maternal inflammatory responses and adverse perinatal outcomes. Differences in neutrophil activation between these two conditions may reflect distinct inflammatory mechanisms. This study aimed to compare maternal neutrophil levels, age, and parity in PROM and prolonged labor cases. A comparative analytic design with a cross-sectional approach was conducted at RSIA Sitti Khadijah 1 Makassar involving 50 postpartum women who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through structured interviews and hematological examination of maternal blood samples. The results show that maternal neutrophil levels differed significantly between PROM and prolonged labor groups. The mean neutrophil level was higher in prolonged labor (82.44 ± 7.008 mg/L) than in PROM (75.10 ± 9.525 mg/L), with a significant p-value of 0.004. Abnormal neutrophil levels were predominantly observed in prolonged labor across all age and parity categories, especially among primiparous women. In contrast, PROM cases showed more varied neutrophil patterns, with a greater proportion of normal values in multipara. These findings suggest that prolonged labor is more strongly associated with heightened maternal inflammatory responses. Maternal neutrophil levels may serve as a practical clinical indicator to distinguish inflammatory status and support early risk assessment in obstetric management.

The RUTF Biscuit Made From Mung Bean Flour and Anchovy Flour for Stunting Toddlers

Maria Dolorosa Peni Sogen, Ariani Damayanti, Maurice Fengi, Rina Sri Yuliyanti — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Stunting remains a significant malnutrition issue in Indonesia. According to the 2022 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI), the prevalence of stunting among toddlers in Central Java is 20.8%, while in Semarang City it is 10.4%. Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) is an energy-dense, micronutrient-rich product given to toddlers with uncomplicated wasting. Wasting children are three times more likely to become stunted compared to well-nourished children, and stunted children have a 1.5 times greater risk of becoming wasted. The use of RUTF for stunted children has not been extensively studied, particularly regarding formulations that use affordable, nutritious local ingredients. This study aims to develop an RUTF biscuit formulation from mung beans and anchovy flour that is acceptable to toddlers, with appropriate nutritional values and recommended serving sizes. This quantitative experimental study employed a Completely Randomized Design. The objects studied were three treatment groups of RUTF biscuits using mung bean and anchovy flour as substitutes for wheat flour: F2 with 12%, F3 and F4 with 15%, and F1 as a control. Formulation 2, with 10% mung bean and 2% anchovy flour substitution, was the most preferred by panelists, providing energy of 525.60 kcal, fat 25.86 g/100g, carbohydrates 54.73 g/100g, calcium 398.20 mg/100g, and phosphorus 375.63 mg/100g, and passed microbiological contamination tests. However, protein, vitamin C, zinc, and iron levels did not meet the general RUTF and biscuit RUTF standards. With a serving size of 30-40 grams (equivalent to 3-4 pieces), this RUTF biscuit has potential as a locally based supplementary food alternative to support toddler nutritional needs, especially for prevention and recovery from nutritional problems.

The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Blood Nicotine and Glutathione (GSH) Levels in Smokers and Non-Smokers

Sun, 26 Jul 2026 15:52:12 +0000

Smoking remains a major global public health problem and contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco use causes more than 8 million deaths annually, including approximately 1.3 million deaths among non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Cigarette smoke contains nicotine and various oxidant compounds that promote free radical formation and oxidative stress, potentially disrupting the antioxidant defense system, including reduced glutathione (GSH), an important intracellular antioxidant. However, evidence simultaneously comparing nicotine exposure and GSH levels between smokers and non-smokers remains limited, particularly in the studied population. This study aimed to compare blood nicotine and GSH levels between smokers and non-smokers. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 34 respondents, comprising 17 smokers and 17 non-smokers. EDTA plasma samples were analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry at 258 nm for nicotine and 412 nm for GSH. Differences between groups were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The mean nicotine level was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (19.18 vs. 5.51 µg/mL), whereas the mean GSH level was lower in smokers than in non-smokers (27.00 vs. 38.82 mg/dL). Significant differences were observed in both nicotine and GSH levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that smoking is associated with higher nicotine levels and lower GSH levels, suggesting an imbalance in antioxidant defense consistent with increased oxidative stress among smokers.

Risk Factors for Stunting Among Children Aged 6–24 Months in Uluere Subdistrict, Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Stunting remains an important child health problem in Indonesia, particularly during the first 1,000 days of life. This study aimed to identify factors associated with stunting among children aged 6–24 months in Uluere Subdistrict, Bantaeng Regency. A frequency-matched case-control study was conducted by child age group and sex. Child age and sex were subsequently retained as adjustment variables in the multivariable logistic regression to account for the matching design. Cases were children with a length-for-age z-score (LAZ) <−2 SD, whereas controls had LAZ ≥−2 SD based on WHO standards. The study included 69 cases and 136 controls. Child age was retained as an adjustment variable, while sex was included as a prespecified covariate in multivariable logistic regression. Recent illness history showed the strongest statistical association with stunting. This can be seen in the statistical analysis odds ratio for stunting (aOR 4.23; 95% CI 1.91–9.36; p<0.001), followed by low birth weight (aOR 3.59; 95% CI 1.43–8.99; p=0.006) and uncovered household waste bins (aOR 2.01; 95% CI 1.06–3.80; p=0.033). Family food consumption was associated with lower odds of stunting (aOR 0.45; 95% CI 0.20–0.99; p=0.049), although this estimate was close to the significance boundary. The final model demonstrated acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.722), although its explanatory power remained modest (Nagelkerke R² = 18.6%). These findings support closer monitoring of children with low birth weight, morbidity prevention, improved household waste management, and age-appropriate feeding support, without implying causal relationships.

The Effect Of Communication, Patient Engagement, and Facilities on the Patient Experience at Mother and Child Hospital Tinatapura Palu

Armanto Makmun, Rokiah Kusumapradja, Hasriwiani Habo Abbas — Wed, 29 Jul 2026 14:13:13 +0000

Patient experience is an important indicator of healthcare quality because it reflects how patients perceive communication, involvement in care, and the healthcare environment. This study aimed to examine the influence of communication, patient involvement, and facilities on patient experience among outpatient service users at RSIA Tinatapura Palu. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from August to September 2025. Using accidental sampling, 111 respondents were recruited from a population of 154 outpatients. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring communication, patient involvement, facilities, and patient experience. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity), and multiple linear regression at the 0.05 significance level. The analysis showed that communication (β = 0.443; p = 0.003), patient involvement (β = 0.326; p = 0.020), and facilities (β = 0.490; p < 0.001) were each significantly and positively associated with patient experience, with facilities demonstrating the strongest standardized effect. The overall regression model was statistically significant (F = 21.925; p < 0.001) and explained 38.1% of the variance in patient experience (R² = 0.381), indicating moderate explanatory power. These findings suggest that strengthening provider–patient communication, promoting patient involvement in care, and improving outpatient facilities should be prioritized in continuous quality improvement initiatives to enhance the patient experience.

Formulation and Antipyretic Evaluation of Papaya Root Extract (Carica papaya L.) Hydrogel Patch in Male Mice

Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe, Zulmai Rani — Wed, 29 Jul 2026 15:20:23 +0000

Papaya root (Carica papaya L.) has traditionally been used to manage fever, but its development as a standardized topical antipyretic preparation remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate hydrogel patches containing 5%, 10%, and 12.5% ethanolic papaya root extract and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and antipyretic activity in DPT-HB vaccine-induced febrile male mice. Twenty-five mice (Mus musculus L.) were randomly allocated to a negative control, a positive control, and three extract-patch groups (n = 5 each). Rectal temperature was measured before fever induction and at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after treatment. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test. All formulations were homogeneous, semi-solid, brownish patches with pH values of 5.7–5.8 and viscosities of 176,000–236,000 cP. At 60 minutes, temperatures were 38.2°C in the negative control, 36.9°C in the positive control, 36.7°C in the 5% group, 36.9°C in the 10% group, and 36.6°C in the 12.5% group. Significant differences were found among groups (p = 0.033), and the 12.5% formulation showed the largest observed temperature reduction. Papaya root extract can therefore be incorporated into a hydrogel patch with acceptable physicochemical characteristics and preliminary antipyretic activity.