Dukungan Sosial dan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemc is a public health emergency or disaster, including in Indonesia, which causes anxiety for many people including pregnant women. The impact of anxiety on pregnant women can increase Cortisol hormone which can suppress the immune system, increases sugar in the bloods, cause low birth weight (LBW), and delay fetal growth. There were several factors affecting anxiety of pregnant women, which is social support from the environment. The objective of the research was to know the correlation of social support with the anxiety of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic at Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study applied quantitative survey with cross-sectional approach. The sample for this study was pregnant women at Special Region of Yogyakarta as many as 397 respondents were determined using purposive sampling techniques. Data retrieval by using instruments in the form of Coronavirus Anxiety Scall and social support questionnaires. Somer's d Gamma test was used to analyze data. The result showed that more respondents came from Kulonprogo Regency (35.5%), graduated from senior high school (53.7%), did not work (51.9%), family income equal to the Provincial Minimum Wage or above (70.3%) and primigravida parity (63%). From the research results small percentage of pregnant women (1.3%) who experienced anxiety came from low and moderate social support. There were several variables related to the anxiety of pregnant women at Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2021. They were occupational variables (p-value= 0.024), family income (p-value= 0.023), parity (p-value= 0.024) and social support (p-value= 0.023). Meanwhile, the variable that is not related to anxiety is the educational variable (p-value = 0.693). There is a relationship between social support and pregnant women's anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
2. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2019. Jakarta; 2020. Retrieve from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Profil-Kesehatan-indonesia-2019.pdf.
3. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Profil Kesehatan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2018. Yogyakarta; 2019. Retrieve from: https://www.dinkes.jogjaprov.go.id/download/download/27.
4. Wawo BAM. Perawatan Ansietas pada Pasien Gangguan Fisik Menggunakan Pendekatan Model Adaptasi Stress Stuart di RW 11 dan 13 Kelurahan Ciparigi Bogor Utara. Tugas Akhir. 2017. Available from: http://lib.ui.ac.id/abstrakpdf?id=20460608&lokasi=lokal.
5. Mardjan. Pengaruh Kecemasan pada Kehamilan Primipara Remaja. Abrori Institute. 2016.
6. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia. Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Pneumonia COVID-19 di Indonesia. 2020.
7. Yue C, Liu C, Wang J, Zhang M, Wu H, Li C, Yang X. Association between social support and anxiety among pregnant women in the third trimester during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Qingdao, China: The mediating effect of risk perception. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020941567.
8. Latifah L. (2017). Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga terhadap Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Prigmigravida Trimester III di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pandian, Sumenep. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan (Scientific Journal of Midwifery). 2017; 3(1):1-10. https://journal.stikespemkabjombang.ac.id/index.php/jikeb/article/view/42.
9. Moulina V, Hermaleni T. Hubungan Dukungan Sosial dengan Kecemasan pada Ibu yang Menghadapi Kelahiran Anak Pertama. Jurnal Riset Psikologi, 2018; (4). http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jrp.v2018i4.4214.
10. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman bagi Ibu Hamil, Ibu Nifas dan Bayi Baru Lahir selama COVID-19 selama Social Distancing. Jakarta; 2020.
11. Prawirohardjo S. Buku Ilmu Kebidanan. Depok: PT Bina Pustaka. 2014.
12. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988; 52(1):30-41 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.
13. Lee SA. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies. 2020;44(7):393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481.
14. Sulistyawati A. Asuhan Kebidanan pada Masa Kehamilan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. 2011.
15. Heriani. Kecemasan dalam Menjelang Persalinan Ditinjau dari Paritas, Usia, dan Tingkat Pendidikan. Jurnal Aisyah: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan. 2016;1(2):1-7. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v1i2.14.
16. Setyaningrum RF, Maryanto S, Sukarno. Hubungan Usia Ibu Primigravida dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil dalam Menghadapi Persalinan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pembantu Kandangan Bawen. Stikes Ngudi Waluyo. 2013:1-10.
17. Yasin Z, Sumarni S, Mardiana ND. Hubungan Usia Ibu dan Usia Kehamilan dengan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil dalam Menghadapi Persalinan di Polindes Masaran Kecamatan Bluto. 1st Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo. 2019. http://seminar.umpo.ac.id/index.php/SNFIK2019/article/view/375.
18. Rinata E, Andayani GA. Karakteristik Ibu Usia, Paritas, Pendidikan dan Dukungan Keluarga dengan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Trimester III. Medisains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan. 2018;16(1):14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v16i1.2063.
19. Hawari D. Manajemen Stress Cemas dan Depresi. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI. 2016.
20. Yainanik. Usia, Tingkat Pendidikan dan Pengetahuan Antenatal Care Ibu Primigravida dalam Kecemasan Menghadapi Persalinan. Thesis. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 2017.
21. Sukaedah E, Fadilah L. Hubungan Tingkat Pendidikan dan Dukungan Suami dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Primigravida Trimester III. Jurnal Medikes: Media Informasi Kesehatan. 2016;3(1):56-62. https://doi.org/10.36743/medikes.v3i1.152.
22. Zamriati WO, Hutagaol E, Wowiling F. Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Menjelang Persalinan di Poli KIA PKM Tuminting. ejournal Keperawatan (e-kp). 2013;1(1):1-7. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/view/2249.
23. Iswari I. Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Trimester III dalam Menghadapi Persalinan di Puskesmas Gamping II Sleman Yogyakarta. 2018.
24. Said N, Kanine E, Bidjuni H. Hubungan Faktor Sosial Ekonomi dengan Kecemasan Ibu Primigravida di Puskesmas Tuminting. ejournal Keperawatan (e-kp). 2015;3(2):1-8. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/download/8143/7703.
25. Lexshimi R, Hassan H, Rohadi M, Zulkifli S. A Study on Anxiety and Depression Level among High Risk Inpatient Pregnant Women in an Obstetric Ward. Medicine & Health. 2007;2(1):34-41.
26. Sagestrano LM, Feldman P, Rini CK, Woo G, Dunkel-Schetter C. Ethnicity and Social Support during Pregnancy. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1999;27(6):869-898. doi:10.1023/a:1022266726892.
27. Ibrahim AS. Panik Neurosis dan Gangguan Cemas. 1st Edition. Jelajah Nusa. 2012.
28. Dewi R, Prima. Rahasia Kehamilan. Yogyakarta: Shira Medika. 2008.
29. Agung IM. (2020). Memahami Pandemi COVID-19 dalam Perspektif Psikologi Sosial. Psiko Buletin. 2020;1(2):68-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/pib.v1i2.9616.
30. Septianingrum Y, Hatmanti NM, Fitriasari A. Correlation between Anxiety and Breast Milk Production among Breastfeeding Mothers in Public Health Center of Jagir, Surabaya. Nurse and Health: Jurnal Keperawatan. 2020;9(1):50-56. https://doi.org/10.36720/nhjk.v9i1.151.
31. Santi MY. Implementasi Kebijakan Pemberian Air Susu Ibu Eksklusif melalui Konseling oleh Bidan Konselor. Kesmas Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional. 2014;8(8):346-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v8i8.403.
32. Santi MY. Upaya Peningkatan Cakupan ASI Eksklusif dan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD). Jurnal Kesmas Indonesia. 2017;9(1): 78-90. http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/kesmasindo/article/download/230/199/.
33. Lebel C, Mackinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;277:5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
34. Taylor S. The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Newcatle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing. 2019.
35. Hessami K, Romanelli C, Chiurazzi M, Cozzolino M. COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Maternal-fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2020;1(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1843155.
36. Zhang H, Ye Z, Tang L, Zou P, Du C, Shao J, Wang X, Chen D, Qiao G, Mu SY. (2020). Anxiety symptoms and burnout among Chinese medical staff of intensive care unit: the moderating effect of social support. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(197):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02603-2.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mina Santi, Cici Nur Treviana Dewi, Yuliasti Eka Purnamaningrum
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
